Pengenalan Multimedia
20 tahun dahulu : Kits,Kombinasi buku panduan murid,
panduan guru, pita audio, filem
jalur dan foto. Kits pelbagai media teks, imej, suara atau bunyi.
Kenapa?
Tiada teknologi untuk menyatupadukan setiap media atau pelbagai media.
Multimedia
hari ini
Perubahan yang drastik telah wujud dengan
adanya Teknologi elektronik sebagai medium yang boleh mengintegrasikan pelabagai media.
Definisi Multimedia
Terdapat pelbagai definisi Multimedia mengikut minat, kepakaran, pengkajian dan pandangan masing-masing.
Aplikasinya
Aplikasinya telah merangkumi semua bidang seperti pembelajaran, penyelidikan, pengiklanan, perniagaan, perubatan, dan lain-lain.
Penggunaan teks yang sesuai sangat penting
dalam penyediaan maklumat. Bukan sahaja penggunaan
perkataan dan susunan ayat yang jelas dan tepat,
malah jenis teks, saiz, dan
warnanya juga perlu sesuai. Sekiranya ia
tidak menarik dan sukar untuk
dibaca, maka maklumat yang dipaparkan tidak akan mendapat
perhatian daripada pelanggan/pengguna.
a) Vector
(lines, rectangles, ellepses, arcs, spline curves). Primitif objek - lakaran
di antara kordinit.
b) Bitmapped (photographs/images) - corak elemen pixels( lokasi,
warna dan kecerahan)
- bilangan/kepadatan pixels (0.28mm standard)
- Menentukan ketajaman/kejelasan(sharpness)
objek
VGA(video graphic adapter) 14/15 inci -
640x480pixels, 256warna
SVGA 17 inci - 1024x768 /1024x1024 pixcels, 16million warna
- menentukan berapa warna disediakan
- 4-bit = 24 (16warna),
- 8-bit = 28 (256warna),
- 16-bit = 216 (65536 warna),
- 24-bit = 224 (16,777216 warna)
- Expension Cards (in the latest PCs) - to improve
images
- Industrial standard Architecture (ISA)
- Peripheral Component Interconnet (PCI)
- AceeleratedGraphics Port (AGP)
- Video graphics/(graphics accelerator) board (with several MB of memory for
faster &sharper display) - to display millions of colours
and 3D images & high resolution picture
- Video Capture
- Video decoder boards (used to playback movies)
MPEG-1 playback VCD(video CD)
MPEG-2 playback DVD (DigitalVersatileDiscs)high
quality digital video
Simbul (visual symbolisms) yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan data/maklumat, sebagai elemen kawalan persembahan, dan kemudahan nevigasi
dokumen multimedia.
· Still
Images - hand-drawn graphics, charts/graphs
· Interactive images - imej untuk
mengawal persembahan(cursor/ikon)
· Nevigating images - imej untuk kemudahan menjelajah dokumen(butang next/previous)
Images are
normally captured using an optical scanner or digital camera. The image is
converted into a rectangular array of points called picture elements (pixels).
- menukar imej
analog kepada imej/objek
digital - boleh diedit, diproses, disimpan oleh komputer. "satu gambar
menyatakan seribu perkataan"
- Berbagai "bit depth" seperti
pada kad grafik
- Jenis-jenis scanner:
flatbed, slide, drum, videocaptureboards(peripheral
cards)
- Resolusi:
Nilai dots-per-inch (dpi). (72 dpi sesuai bagi imej)
Tinggi dpi - kualiti lebih baik, siaz
fail lebih besar.
- Perisian:
Scanning software
(TextBridge - pada Optical
Character Recognition/OCR scanner)
Image processing software
(Adobe Photoshop/Corel PhotoPrint)
Create
visually powerful effects on the screen.
Visual dinamics, low cost, small files(storage
space), can be modified, many animation software, faster delivery over the
internet,
Melengkapkan persembahan supaya nampak lebih
dinamik, dan akan menarik lebih
tumpuan kepada maklumat yang disampaikan.
(e.g.:dalam persembahan laporan tahunan, financial data > charts dengan
sedikit animasi)
Mejelaskan sesuatu konsep dan teknik
(Mungkin video klip lebih baik tetapi
ia perlu
kepada kos & ruang storan yang besar). Video klip = captures
real motion action; animasi = simulates the real
world experiences
Menarik minat penonton yang mengikuti persembahan
2D -images
make use of the x & y axes) - more popular, easier to create,
cover a wider variety of motion.
- include: moving object on a path, transitions, animating images.
3D - ( takes 2D images by add exis
z) - Creating 3D images involves using vector graphic shapes(polygon:
triangles/cones/spheres/blocks/ squares -to define an object's shape; & splines:curves/linear/bezier/cardinals). The animated
images used to tell the stiries (e.g.: Jurassic park,
Toy story, The mask, ect ..)
Macromodel,
Extreme 3D, 3D studio Max, Yar Dream Designer
Many multimedia application use a combination of 2D & 3D animations, to
enhance the presentation.
- not
multimedia without any sound/musics
- analogue converted to digital sound
- Aplikasi sound - background music, sound effects
- Sound file size - depends on length of file in sec, sampling rate in bytes,
bit resolution, & stereo/mono recorded
-membolehkan audioCD dipasang pada PCs
-is a digital audio compression technique
-MP3 adalah MPEG-1 layer 3 -MPEG-1(Moving Picture
Expert Group).
-Ada 3 layer MPEG-1;
layer Compression Ratio(CR) Bit Rate(BR)
1 1:4 384 kbps stereo
2 1:6 -1:8 256 -192 kbps stereo
3 (MP3) 1:10 - 1:12 128 -112 kbps stereo
dengan CR 1:12;
30MBs dimampat ke 2.5MBs - sama kualiti
74 minit CD boleh di transform 15jam musik
- membolehkan lebih banyak fail MP3 dimuatkan pada CD 650MB.
- membolehkan sound/musics dicapai melalui internet dengan kualiti sama seperti
pada CD musik
- PCs perlu dilengkapkan dengan sound card dan perisian MP3 decoder untuk main&kawal MP3 musik
-
- fail besar dimampatkan supaya boleh dihantar
melalui narrow bandwidth.
-lossless compression
- lossy compression
- multimedia application is not complete without a few video
clips.
- Digital video being a proprietary standard
- Video for Windows was introduced by Microsoft in 1992 - as the answer to
video on the PC (Quicktime video standard was
introduced on Apple platform)
- using
Video For Windows(VFW) Card
- ActiveMovie (a version of VFW) software used to capture and edit digital
video (today, many other software also can perform that tasks)
- Audio Video Interleave (AVI) file is the standard video file format(able to
be played back in any PC (with VFW)
- CODEC (compressor-decompressor) is used to compress
and decompress digital video data - produced .avi
file.
- Four well-known codec: Indeo, Cinepak,
Run Length Encoding(RLE), Video-1
- The software that used to integrate video into any presentations or
multimedia application
- Application Programming Interface(API) allows programmes to interface with players. Playing Cd in a CD-ROM, the audio player software will have a
specific control interface to play, stop, forward, or replay)
- Two types of API:
a) Media Control Interface (MCI) - used for communicating with the multimedia
devices/elements(audio/video/animation) - e.g.: Media Player(recognise/playback many MCI format files)
b) Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) - allow users to incorporate video into
other applications (e.g.: WordPad with Media Player to play intended video
file, play a video clip in MS-Word/Excel).
- Watching a video/movies not only on TV/cinema, also on PC screen
- Digital video: advantages/disadv.
- Video on desktop: video size, bandwidth, CODECs,
Capturing and playback process, storage medium, editing software, system
requirements.
- interframe - the
compression between frames
- intraframe - the compression within a frame (e.g.:
RLE - run length encoding, JPEG)
- Compact
Disc
- CD-ROM: Adv/disadvantages, CLV process
- Jenis CD - mengikut warna buku red- CD digital Audio
/MusicCD - can be played by any CD player. yellow- CD-ROM orange- CD-Recordable Green- CD interactive White-
VideoCD Blue- Enhanced CD
Elemen -elemen tesebut digabungkan pada komputer dan
menghasilkan aplikasi
multimedia interaktif.
· Hardware/Perkakasan Komputer
· Software/Perisian - untuk
kerja-kerja mengedit data
audio, dan video. Juga untuk
membina prototype/sample/model aplikasi.
Software yang boleh digunakan:
Macromedia Freehand
Adobe Photoshop
CoralDraw
Flash
Director
Perisian tersebut mempunyai alat-alat(tools) melukis, mewarna, membina animasi, interaktif
Persembahan cara
traditional - mengguna Slid, foil OHP
Persembahan profesional
mengguna PC dan kemudahan multimedia
kombinasi audio/video/grafik/animasi
pada CD
Membina multimedia
interaktif
e.g.: sistem courseware / point-of-information
- menyedia kemudahan sokongan rekabentuk skrin
(layout teks/imej/hotspot),grafik, animasi, kawalan branching/navigation.
- Iconic interface (to create paths using spacific
icon) - to link an element to the others.
Alat Real-time Video
A set-up service that take the address and establish the appropriate network
connections.
A set of commands that can be associated with an interactive element(a
button). Supported by script editors, interpreters, and
debuggers.
e.g.: Macromedia's Director has Lingo
Asymetrix's Multimedia Toolbook has Openscript
Apple's HyperCard has HyperTalk
Used to
create their own tools to handle all/part of an
application - using object-oriented approach. Cross-Platform compatibility An
application that is capable of running on more than one multimedia platform -
on both the macintosh and IBM PC- any
hardware/operating environment, and applications program interface(API) ) -
e.g.: macromedia Director, ScriptX
Computer are
now required to handle many types of image in a wide variety of applications.
Their needs will vary according to the type of image that has to be supported.
Bitonal
(black and white) images
- business documents - such as insurance claims and martgage
processing, patents, medical records, taxation forms, cheques,
or credit card vouchers.
- Line-Art - includes engineering drawings/CAD, tachnical
diagrams such as aerospace, charts, circuits maps, or
cartoons.
Continuous images
Which include photographs, single frames from a video,
fingerprints and photographs for identification purposes in security systems.
Grey Scale images
Such as page layouts, press clippings for newspapers and publishers, satellite informations, seismic data, medical images from magnetic
resonance imaging(MRI), or computer-aided
tomography(CT) scans for remote diagnosis by radiologists.
Color/high-quality images
Such as old books and rare manuscripts for libraries, paintings and items in
art gallaries and museums, electronic catalogues in
e-marketing/business presentations.
Sound Card:
-installed in one of the expension slots.
-to allow the PCs to produce quality sound.
-ADC on the card perform the process of convertion the analouge sound
into digital sound that can be played on PCs.